6. References¶
References
- 1
T.L. Amundrud, H. Malling, and R.G. Ingram. Geometrical constraints on the evolution of ridged sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 2004. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002251.
- 2
C. Konig Beatty and D.M. Holland. Modeling landfast ice by adding tensile strength. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 40:185–198, 2010. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO4105.1.
- 3
C.M. Bitz and W.H. Lipscomb. An energy-conserving thermodynamic sea ice model for climate study. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 104(C7):15669–15677, 1999. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900100.
- 4
S. Bouillon, T. Fichefet, V. Legat, and G. Madec. The elastic-viscous-plastic method revisited. Ocean Modelling, 71:1–12, 2013. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.05.013.
- 5
W.M. Connolley, J.M. Gregory, E.C. Hunke, and A.J. McLaren. On the consistent scaling of terms in the sea ice dynamics equation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34:1776–1780, 2004. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2004)034<1776:OTCSOT>2.0.CO;2.
- 6
A. Craig, S. Mickelson, E.C. Hunke, and D. Bailey. Improved parallel performance of the CICE model in CESM1. Int. J High Perform. Comput. Appl, 29(2):154–165, 2014. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094342014548771.
- 7
J.K. Dukowicz and J.R. Baumgardner. Incremental remapping as a transport/advection algorithm. J. Comput. Phys., 160:318–335, 2000. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcph.2000.6465.
- 8
G.M. Flato and W.D. Hibler. Ridging and strength in modeling the thickness distribution of Arctic sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 100:18611–18626, 1995. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95JC02091.
- 9
C.A. Geiger, W.D. Hibler, and S.F. Ackley. Large-scale sea ice drift and deformation: Comparison between models and observations in the western Weddell Sea during 1992. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 103:21893–21913, 1998. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98JC01258.
- 10
Y. He and C.H.Q. Ding. Using Accurate Arithmetics to Improve Numerical Reproducibility and Stability in Parallel Applications. The Journal of Supercomputing, 18:259–277, 2001. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008153532043.
- 11
W.D. Hibler. A dynamic thermodynamic sea ice model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9:817–846, 1979. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1979)009<0815:ADTSIM>2.0.CO;2.
- 12
W.D. Hibler. Modeling a variable thickness sea ice cover. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108:1943–1973, 1980. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1943:MAVTSI>2.0.CO;2.
- 13
W.D. Hibler and K. Bryan. A diagnostic ice-ocean model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17:987–1015, 1987. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1987)017<0987:ADIM>2.0.CO;2.
- 14
W.D. Hibler, A. Roberts, P. Heil, A.Y. Proshutinsky, H.L. Simmons, and J. Lovick. Modeling M2 tidal variability in Arctic sea-ice drift and deformation. Ann. Glaciol., 2006. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756406781811178.
- 15
C. Horvat and E. Tziperman. A prognostic model of the sea-ice floe size and thickness distribution. The Cryosphere, 9(6):2119–2134, 2015. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2119-2015.
- 16
E.C. Hunke. Viscous-plastic sea ice dynamics with the EVP model: Linearization issues. J. Comp. Phys., 170:18–38, 2001. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcph.2001.6710.
- 17
E.C. Hunke and J.K. Dukowicz. An elastic-viscous-plastic model for sea ice dynamics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27:1849–1867, 1997. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1997)027<1849:AEVPMF>2.0.CO;2.
- 18
E.C. Hunke and J.K. Dukowicz. The Elastic-Viscous-Plastic sea ice dynamics model in general orthogonal curvilinear coordinates on a sphere—Effect of metric terms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130:1848–1865, 2002. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1848:TEVPSI>2.0.CO;2.
- 19
E.C. Hunke and J.K. Dukowicz. The sea ice momentum equation in the free drift regime. Technical Report LA-UR-03-2219, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2003. URL: https://github.com/CICE-Consortium/CICE/blob/master/doc/PDF/LAUR-03-2219.pdf.
- 20
E.C. Hunke, A. Roberts, R. Allard, J.F. Lemieux, M. Turner, A.P. Craig, A.K. DuVivier, D. Bailey, M.M. Holland, M. Winton, F. Dupont, and R. Grumbine. The CICE Consortium Sea Ice Modeling Suite. In Prep., 2018. URL: http://dx.doi.org/IN-PROGRESS.
- 21
E.C. Hunke and Y. Zhang. A comparison of sea ice dynamics models at high resolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127:396–408, 1999. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<0396:ACOSID>2.0.CO;2.
- 22
M. Jin, C. Deal, J. Wang, K.H. Shin, N. Tanaka, T.E. Whiteledge, S.H. Lee, and R.R. Gradinger. Controls of the landfast ice-ocean ecosystem offshore Barrow, Alaska. Ann. Glaciol., 44:63–72, 2006. URL: https://github.com/CICE-Consortium/CICE/blob/master/doc/PDF/JDWSTWLG06.pdf.
- 23
B.G. Kauffman and W.G. Large. The CCSM coupler, version 5.0.1. 2002. URL: https://github.com/CICE-Consortium/CICE/blob/master/doc/PDF/KL_NCAR2002.pdf.
- 24
M. Kimmritz, S. Danilov, and M. Losch. On the convergence of the modified elastic-viscous-plastic method for solving the sea ice momentum equation. J. Comp. Phys., 296:90–100, 2015. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2015.04.051.
- 25
W.G. Large and S.G. Yeager. The global climatology of an interannually varying air-sea flux data set. Ocean Modelling, 2009. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0441-3.
- 26
J.F. Lemieux, F. Dupont, P. Blain, F. Roy, G.C. Smith, and G.M. Flato. Improving the simulation of landfast ice by combining tensile strength and a parameterization for grounded ridges. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 121:7354–7368, 2016. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012006.
- 27
J.F. Lemieux, D.A. Knoll, B. Tremblay, D.M. Holland, and M. Losch. A comparison of the Jacobian-free Newton Krylov method and the EVP model for solving the sea ice momentum equation with a viscous-plastic formulation: a serial algorithm study. J. Comp. Phys., 231:5926–5944, 2012. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2012.05.024.
- 28
M. Leppäranta, A. Oikkonen, K. Shirasawa, and Y. Fukamachi. A treatise on frequency spectrum of drift ice velocity. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 76-77:83–91, 2012. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2011.12.005.
- 29
W.H. Lipscomb. Remapping the thickness distribution in sea ice models. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 106:13989–14000, 2001. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000518.
- 30
W.H. Lipscomb and E.C. Hunke. Modeling sea ice transport using incremental remapping. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132:1341–1354, 2004. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<1341:MSITUI>2.0.CO;2.
- 31
W.H. Lipscomb, E.C. Hunke, W. Maslowski, and J. Jakacki. Ridging, strength, and stability in high-resolution sea ice models. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 2007. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JC003355.
- 32
G.A. Maykut and N. Untersteiner. Some results from a time dependent thermodynamic model of sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 76:1550–1575, 1971. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JC076i006p01550.
- 33
A.A. Mirin and P.H. Worley. Improving the Performance Scalability of the Community Atmosphere Model. Int. J High Perform. Comput. Appl, 26(1):17–30, 2012. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094342011412630.
- 34
R.J. Murray. Explicit generation of orthogonal grids for ocean models. J. Comput. Phys., 126:251–273, 1996. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcph.1996.0136.
- 35
D. Notz, A. Jahn, E. Hunke, F. Massonnet, J. Stroeve, B. Tremblay, and M. Vancoppenolle. The CMIP6 Sea-Ice Model Intercomparison Project (SIMIP): understanding sea ice through climate-model simulations. Geosci. Model Dev., 9:3427–3446, 2016. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-3427-2016.
- 36
C.L. Parkinson and W.M. Washington. A large-scale numerical model of sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 84(C1):331–337, 1979. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JC084iC01p00311.
- 37
D.J. Pringle, H. Eicken, H.J. Trodahl, and L.G.E. Backstrom. Thermal conductivity of landfast Antarctic and Arctic sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 2007. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003641.
- 38
L. A. Roach, C. Horvat, S. M. Dean, and C. M. Bitz. An emergent sea ice floe size distribution in a global coupled ocean-sea ice model. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 123(6):4322–4337, 2018. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2017JC013692.
- 39
A. Roberts, E.C. Hunke, R. Allard, D.A. Bailey, A.P. Craig, J. Lemieux, and M.D. Turner. Quality control for community-based sea-ice model development. Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. A, 2018. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0344.
- 40
A.F. Roberts, A.P. Craig, W. Maslowski, R. Osinski, A.K. DuVivier, M. Hughes, B. Nijssen, J.J. Cassano, and M. Brunke. Simulating transient ice-ocean Ekman transport in the Regional Arctic System Model and Community Earth System Model. Ann. Glaciol., 56(69):211–228, 2015. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2015AoG69A760.
- 41
A. Rosati and K. Miyakoda. A general circulation model for upper ocean simulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18:1601–1626, 1988. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1988)018<1601:AGCMFU>2.0.CO;2.
- 42
D.A. Rothrock. The energetics of plastic deformation of pack ice by ridging. J. Geophys. Res., 80:4514–4519, 1975. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JC080i033p04514.
- 43
E.M. Schulson. Brittle failure of ice. Eng. Fract. Mech., 68:1839–1887, 2001. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7944(01)00037-6.
- 44
R.D. Smith, S. Kortas, and B. Meltz. Curvilinear coordinates for global ocean models. Technical Report LA-UR-95-1146, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1995. URL: https://github.com/CICE-Consortium/CICE/blob/master/doc/PDF/LAUR-95-1146.pdf.
- 45
A.H. Stroud. Approximate Calculation of Multiple Integrals. Prentice-Hall, 1971. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
- 46
K.E. Taylor. Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 106(D7):7183–7192, 2001. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900719.
- 47
A.S. Thorndike, D.A. Rothrock, G.A. Maykut, and R. Colony. The thickness distribution of sea ice. J. Geophys. Res., 80:4501–4513, 1975. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JC080i033p04501.
- 48
M. Tsamados, D.L. Feltham, and A.V. Wilchinsky. Impact of a new anisotropic rheology on simulations of Arctic sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118:91–107, 2013. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012JC007990.
- 49
H. Tsujino, S. Urakawa, R.J. Small, W.M. Kim, S.G. Yeager, and et al. JRA‐55 based surface dataset for driving ocean–sea‐ice models (JRA55‐do). Ocean Modelling, 130:79–139, 2018. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.07.002.
- 50
H. von Storch and F.W. Zwiers. Statistical Analysis in Climate Research. Cambridge University Press, 1999. Cambridge, UK.
- 51
J. Weiss and E.M. Schulson. Coulombic faulting from the grain scale to the geophysical scale: lessons from ice. J. of Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 42:214017, 2009. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/21/214017.
- 52
A.V. Wilchinsky and D.L. Feltham. Dependence of sea ice yield-curve shape on ice thickness. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34:2852–2856, 2004. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JPO2667.1.
- 53
A.V. Wilchinsky and D.L. Feltham. Modelling the rheology of sea ice as a collection of diamond-shaped floes. J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 138:22–32, 2006. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2006.05.001.
- 54
D.S. Wilks. Statistical methods in the atmospheric sciences. Academic Press, 2006. 2nd ed.
- 55
S. T. Zalesak. Fully multidimensional flux-corrected transport algorithms for fluids. J. Comp. Phys., 31(3):335–362, 1979. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(79)90051-2.
- 56
F.W. Zwiers and H. von Storch. Taking serial correlation into account in tests of the mean. J. Climate, 8(2):336–351, 1995. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0336:TSCIAI>2.0.CO;2.